RNP Approach – practical and theoretical Training
The expansion of Global Positioning System (GPS)-based instrument approach procedures (IAP), a key element of NextGen’s Performance Based Navigation (PBN) initiative, provides benefits for pilots.
“RNP Approach (RNP APCH)” and titled Area Navigation (RNAV), “RNAV (GPS) Rwy XX”.
These procedures offer several lines of minima to accommodate varying levels of aircraft equipage and airport environments without requiring additional navigation equipment at the airport. This promotes airport efficiency and access, pilot exibility and operational safety.
RNP is RNAV with the addition of onboard performance monitoring and alerting capability.
Advisory Vertical Guidance
Depending on the manufacturer, WAAS-enabled GPS units might provide advisory vertical guidance in association with LP or LNAV minima. The manufacturer should use a notation to distinguish advisory vertical guidance (e.g. LNAV+V). The system includes an arti cially created advisory glide path from the nal approach x to the touchdown point on the runway. The intent is to aid the pilot in ying constant descent to the MDA. LNAV+V is not the same as LNAV/VNAV or LPV. Pilots must use the barometric altimeter as the primary altitude reference to meet all altitude restrictions. Advisory vertical guidance is not required and is an optional capability.
Approved Vertical Guidance
Approved vertical guidance provides operational bene t permitting the use of the LPV, LNAV/VNAV and ILS lines of minima. WAAS vertical guidance can support LPV minima as low as 200 feet AGL. Approved vertical guidance is available on LNAV/VNAV minima and existed before the WAAS system was certi ed. At that time, only aircraft equipped with a ight management system (FMS) and certi ed baro-VNAV systems could use the LNAV/VNAV minimums. Today, LNAV/VNAV minima may be own using approved WAAS equipment. Pilots must use the barometric altimeter in a similar fashion for ILS, LPV, and LNAV/VNAV minima.
Barometric Aiding (Baro-Aiding)
Barometric aiding is an integrity augmentation that allows a GPS system to use a non-satellite input source (e.g. the aircraft pitot-static system) to provide vertical reference and reduces the number of required satellites from ve to four. Baro-aiding requires four satellites and a barometric altimeter input to detect an integrity anomaly. The current altimeter setting may need to be entered into the receiver as described in the operating manual. Baro-aiding satis es the Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) requirement in lieu of a fth satellite.
Barometric Vertical Navigation (Baro-VNAV)
Baro-VNAV uses barometric altitude information from the aircraft’s pitot-static system and air data computer to compute vertical guidance for the pilot. The speci ed vertical path is typically computed between two waypoints or an angle from a single way point. When using baro-VNAV guidance, the pilots should check for any published temperature limitations on the approach chart which may result in approach restrictions.
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